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    <title>랄라라</title>
    <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/</link>
    <description></description>
    <language>ko</language>
    <pubDate>Sun, 31 May 2026 08:01:23 +0900</pubDate>
    <generator>TISTORY</generator>
    <ttl>100</ttl>
    <managingEditor>적외선</managingEditor>
    <item>
      <title>[URI] 한국어가 어떻게 URL에서 Percent-encoding 될까?</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/URI-%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EA%B0%80-%EC%96%B4%EB%96%BB%EA%B2%8C-URL%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C-Percent-encoding-%EB%90%A0%EA%B9%8C</link>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&quot;환경-및-선수조건&quot;&gt;환경 및 선수조건&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Percent-encoding의 개념&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Character Set이 무엇인지&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;character-setcharacter-encoding이란&quot;&gt;Character Set(Character encoding)이란?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Character Set(문자셋)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;그리고&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Character encoding(문자 인코딩)은 같은 말로 쉽게 말해서 어떤 인코딩 시스템에 의해서 존재하는 문자들을 표현하려는 방법을 의미한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ASCII나&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Unicode가 문자 인코딩들의 대표적으로 알려진 예시입니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;percent-encoding이란&quot;&gt;Percent-encoding이란?&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Percent-encoding이란 URI 혹은 URL에 문자를 표현하는 인코딩 방식으로&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;RFC 3986에 따라서 알파벳이나 숫자 등 몇몇 문자를 제외한 문자들에 대해서 옥텟 값으로 묶어서 16진수 값으로 코딩하는 방식&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;예시 :&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;/internet url&quot; -&amp;gt; &quot;internet%20url&quot;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;percent-encoding의-방법&quot;&gt;Percent-encoding의 방법&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;RFC3986문서를 찾아보면 정해진 몇몇개의 문자들을 제외하고는&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;octet(8bit가 한데 모인 것)으로 인코딩한 후에&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;%를 붙여서 인코딩 한다고 나와있다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;여기서 한국어는&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;octet(8bit가 한데 모인 것)으로 변형되어서 표시되며&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Unicode에 따라서&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;UTF-8&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;방식으로 바뀌어서 인코딩 되게 됩니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;즉, 다시 정리하면&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;ldquo;한국어&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-(UTF-8에 따라서)-&amp;gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;ldquo;코드화된 한국어&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-(1바이트마다 %를 붙임)-&amp;gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;ldquo;퍼센트 인코딩된 한국어&amp;rdquo;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;예시 : &amp;ldquo;각&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-(UTF-8에 따라서)-&amp;gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;ldquo;0xEA 0xB0 0x81&amp;rdquo;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;-(1바이트마다 %를 붙임)-&amp;gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;ldquo;%EA%B0%81&amp;rdquo;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;예시&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;ldquo;각&amp;rdquo;의 경우&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;/각 &lt;span&gt;=&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; /%EA%B0%81&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;ldquo;선&amp;rdquo;의 경우&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;/선 &lt;span&gt;=&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; /%EC%84%A0&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&amp;ldquo;꿳&amp;rdquo;의 경우&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;/꿳 &lt;span&gt;=&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; /%EA%BF%B3&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;참고자료&quot;&gt;참고자료&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986&quot;&gt;https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/퍼센트_인코딩&quot;&gt;https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/퍼센트_인코딩&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding#Terminology&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding#Terminology&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.url-encode-decode.com/&quot;&gt;https://www.url-encode-decode.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;참조 -&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twpower.github.io/123-how-to-encode-korean-to-percent-encoding&quot;&gt;https://twpower.github.io/123-how-to-encode-korean-to-percent-encoding&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>Language/JSP</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1128</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/URI-%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EA%B0%80-%EC%96%B4%EB%96%BB%EA%B2%8C-URL%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C-Percent-encoding-%EB%90%A0%EA%B9%8C#entry1128comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Sep 2019 14:59:42 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AdaGrad</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/AdaGrad</link>
      <description>&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://books.google.co.kr/books/about/Deep_Learning.html?id=Np9SDQAAQBAJ&amp;amp;redir_esc=y&quot;&gt;Deep Learning 책 참고 299page&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sebastianruder.com/optimizing-gradient-descent/index.html#fn:24&quot;&gt;An overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)는 convex 또는 non-convex function의 optimization에 일반적으로 사용되는 알고리즘입니다.&lt;br /&gt;SGD의 한가지 문제점은 learning rate에 매우 민감합니다. 특히 데이터가 sparse이며 features가 서로다른 frequencies (빈도수)를 갖고 있다면, 단 하나의 learning rate가 모든 weight update에 영향을 주는것은 문제가 될 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이전의 Momentum update에서는 다음과 같은 공식을 사용했습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v=&amp;gamma;vt&amp;minus;1+&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;;x(i),y(i))&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;즉 모든 weights&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에 대해서 동일한 learning rate&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;를 사용하여 update를 하였습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;AgaGrad는 각각의 데이터에 dynamically adapt함으로서 궁극적으로 각각의 feature들마다 서로다른 learning rate로 연산을 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;gt,i=&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;i)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이렇게 해주기 위해서는.. 실제로는 sum을 제거해야 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sum;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2N&amp;sum;y&amp;minus;y^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이게 아니고&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2Ny&amp;minus;y^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;즉 weight값의 gradient값을 구하는게 아니라, 각각 weight element&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;들의 gradient&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;gt,i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;값을 구해야 합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;쉽게 이야기해서, 빈도수가 낮은 데이터에는 높은 learning rate를 적용하고, 빈도수가 높은 데이터에는 낮은 learning rate를 자동으로 적용합니다.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;따라서 sparse한 데이터에 적합하며, 대표적인 예가 구글 X lab에서 16000대의 cores를 사용하여 유튜브 동영상안의 고양이를 detection하는 모델에 Adagrad를 사용한것입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Global Learning Rate&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;가 필요합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;weights&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에 대한 초기화가 필요합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;small constant&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;값을 설정합니다. (numerical stability를 위해서 약&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&amp;minus;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로 설정, 즉 분모에 들어가게 되는데 0이 안되도록 매우 작은 수를 넣음)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;gradient accumulation variable&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;값은 weight와 동일한 shape인 0으로 초기화합니다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;먼저 gradient를 구한뒤 sqaured gradient (gradient의 제곱)을 r에 accumulation해줍니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;⊙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;gt=&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;;x(i),y(i))Gt=Gt+gt⊙gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;update를 계산합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;radic;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;⊙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;t=&amp;eta;ϵ+Gt⊙gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;update를 적용합니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;t+1=&amp;theta;t&amp;minus;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;⊙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;⊙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;기호는 element wise multiplication 입니다&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;AdaGrad의 장점은 보통 다른 optimizers의 경우에는 learning rate를 일반적으로 0.01로 놓고 변경되지 않지만, Adagram같은 경우는 자동으로 learning rate를 계산해준다는 것입니다. 반면 약점은 denominator부분의 accumulation of the squared gradients의 값이 지속적으로 쌓여서 계속 늘어난다는 단점이 있습니다. 결국 learning rate는 점점 작아진다는 약점을 갖고있습니다. 이러한 약점은 극복한 것이 Adadelta입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;출처 -&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://incredible.ai/artificial-intelligence/2017/04/09/Optimizer-Adagrad/&quot;&gt;http://incredible.ai/artificial-intelligence/2017/04/09/Optimizer-Adagrad/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1124</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/AdaGrad#entry1124comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2019 13:27:00 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimization Algorithms</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/Optimization-Algorithms</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;Neural network의 weight을 조절하는 과정에는 보통&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;lsquo;Gradient Descent&amp;rsquo;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;라는 방법을 사용한다. 이는 네트워크의 parameter들을&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라고 했을 때, 네트워크에서 내놓는 결과값과 실제 결과값 사이의 차이를 정의하는 함수 Loss function&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 값을 최소화하기 위해 기울기(gradient)&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 이용하는 방법이다. Gradient Descent에서는&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;에 대해 gradient의 반대 방향으로 일정 크기만큼 이동해내는 것을 반복하여 Loss function&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;의 값을 최소화하는&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;의 값을 찾는다. 한 iteration에서의 변화 식은 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이 때&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;는 미리 정해진 걸음의 크기 &amp;lsquo;step size&amp;rsquo; 로서, 보통 0.01~0.001 정도의 적당한 크기를 사용한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이 때 Loss Function을 계산할 때 전체 train set을 사용하는 것을&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Batch&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Gradient Descent 라고 한다. 그러나 이렇게 계산을 할 경우 한번 step을 내딛을 때 전체 데이터에 대해 Loss Function을 계산해야 하므로 너무 많은 계산량이 필요하다. 이를 방지하기 위해 보통은&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stochastic&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Gradient Descent (SGD) 라는 방법을 사용한다. 이 방법에서는 loss function을 계산할 때 전체 데이터(batch) 대신 일부 조그마한 데이터의 모음(mini-batch)에 대해서만 loss function을 계산한다. 이 방법은 batch gradient descent 보다 다소 부정확할 수는 있지만, 훨씬 계산 속도가 빠르기 때문에 같은 시간에 더 많은 step을 갈 수 있으며 여러 번 반복할 경우 보통 batch의 결과와 유사한 결과로 수렴한다. 또한, SGD를 사용할 경우 Batch Gradient Descent에서 빠질 local minima에 빠지지 않고 더 좋은 방향으로 수렴할 가능성도 있다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;보통 Neural Network를 트레이닝할 때는 이 SGD를 이용한다. 그러나 단순한 SGD를 이용하여 네트워크를 학습시키는 것에는 한계가 있다. 결론부터 살펴보기 위해, 다음과 같은 그림들을 살펴보자.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/em1Ynx/btqxQo9bSRo/laUFYNiwUBUxWBfqBCCBh1/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/em1Ynx/btqxQo9bSRo/laUFYNiwUBUxWBfqBCCBh1/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/em1Ynx/btqxQo9bSRo/laUFYNiwUBUxWBfqBCCBh1/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/em1Ynx/btqxQo9bSRo/laUFYNiwUBUxWBfqBCCBh1/img.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithms at Long Valley&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bYJcaS/btqxPT2FbaQ/kNkm7HyPlzkSR44Gff73Z0/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bYJcaS/btqxPT2FbaQ/kNkm7HyPlzkSR44Gff73Z0/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bYJcaS/btqxPT2FbaQ/kNkm7HyPlzkSR44Gff73Z0/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bYJcaS/btqxPT2FbaQ/kNkm7HyPlzkSR44Gff73Z0/img.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithms at Beale's Function&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/mLPOZ/btqxRuA549X/VQB1MzVDEa6aNL4ngNplp0/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/mLPOZ/btqxRuA549X/VQB1MzVDEa6aNL4ngNplp0/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/mLPOZ/btqxRuA549X/VQB1MzVDEa6aNL4ngNplp0/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/mLPOZ/btqxRuA549X/VQB1MzVDEa6aNL4ngNplp0/img.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gradient Descent Optimization Algorithms at Saddle Point&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;위의 그림들은 각각 SGD 및 SGD의 변형 알고리즘들이 최적값을 찾는 과정을 시각화한 것이다. 빨간색의 SGD가 우리가 알고 있는 Naive Stochastic Gradient Descent 알고리즘이고, Momentum, NAG, Adagrad, AdaDelta, RMSprop 등은 SGD의 변형이다. 보다시피 모든 경우에서 SGD는 다른 알고리즘들에 비해 성능이 월등하게 낮다. 다른 알고리즘들 보다 이동속도가 현저하게 느릴뿐만 아니라, 방향을 제대로 잡지 못하고 이상한 곳에서 수렴하여 이동하지 못하는 모습도 관찰할 수 있다. 즉 단순한 SGD를 이용하여 네트워크를 학습시킬 경우 네트워크가 상대적으로 좋은 결과를 얻지 못할 것이라고 예측할 수 있다. 그렇다면 실제로는 어떤 방법들을 이용해야 하는 것인가? 이 글에서는 Neural Network를 학습시킬 때 실제로 많이 사용하는 다양한 SGD의 변형 알고리즘들을 간략하게 살펴보겠다. 내용과 그림의 상당 부분은&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://sebastianruder.com/optimizing-gradient-descent/&quot;&gt;Sebastian Ruder의 글&lt;/a&gt;에서 차용했다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;momentum&quot;&gt;Momentum&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Momentum 방식은 말 그대로 Gradient Descent를 통해 이동하는 과정에 일종의 &amp;lsquo;관성&amp;rsquo;을 주는 것이다. 현재 Gradient를 통해 이동하는 방향과는 별개로, 과거에 이동했던 방식을 기억하면서 그 방향으로 일정 정도를 추가적으로 이동하는 방식이다. 수식으로 표현하면 다음과 같다.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 time step t에서의 이동 벡터라고 할 때, 다음과 같은 식으로 이동을 표현할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt=&amp;gamma;vt&amp;minus;1+&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이 때,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;는 얼마나 momentum을 줄 것인지에 대한 momentum term으로서, 보통 0.9 정도의 값을 사용한다. 식을 살펴보면 과거에 얼마나 이동했는지에 대한 이동 항 v를 기억하고, 새로운 이동항을 구할 경우 과거에 이동했던 정도에 관성항만큼 곱해준 후 Gradient을 이용한 이동 step 항을 더해준다. 이렇게 할 경우 이동항&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;는 다음과 같은 방식으로 정리할 수 있어, Gradient들의 지수평균을 이용하여 이동한다고도 해석할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt=&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)t+&amp;gamma;&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)t&amp;minus;1+&amp;gamma;2&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)t&amp;minus;2+....&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Momentum 방식은 SGD가 Oscilation 현상을 겪을 때 더욱 빛을 발한다. 다음과 같이 SGD가 Oscilation을 겪고 있는 상황을 살펴보자.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/cd3chn/btqxNUVPf4r/LhyHXiJJj5NokUSHEyX0P0/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/cd3chn/btqxNUVPf4r/LhyHXiJJj5NokUSHEyX0P0/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/cd3chn/btqxNUVPf4r/LhyHXiJJj5NokUSHEyX0P0/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/cd3chn/btqxNUVPf4r/LhyHXiJJj5NokUSHEyX0P0/img.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;현재 SGD는 중앙의 최적점으로 이동해야하는 상황인데, 한번의 step에서 움직일 수 있는 step size는 한계가 있으므로 이러한 oscilation 현상이 일어날 때는 좌우로 계속 진동하면서 이동에 난항을 겪게 된다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/I4DxU/btqxQpG1uwA/AfY2BbJv3zYe3B3xWUtVmK/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/I4DxU/btqxQpG1uwA/AfY2BbJv3zYe3B3xWUtVmK/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/I4DxU/btqxQpG1uwA/AfY2BbJv3zYe3B3xWUtVmK/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/I4DxU/btqxQpG1uwA/AfY2BbJv3zYe3B3xWUtVmK/img.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;그러나 Momentum 방식을 사용할 경우 다음과 같이 자주 이동하는 방향에 관성이 걸리게 되고, 진동을 하더라도 중앙으로 가는 방향에 힘을 얻기 때문에 SGD에 비해 상대적으로 빠르게 이동할 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/LtV4Z/btqxQo2pahH/w8iEkdv0DCnLhLiH8RpQ10/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/LtV4Z/btqxQo2pahH/w8iEkdv0DCnLhLiH8RpQ10/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/LtV4Z/btqxQo2pahH/w8iEkdv0DCnLhLiH8RpQ10/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/LtV4Z/btqxQo2pahH/w8iEkdv0DCnLhLiH8RpQ10/img.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Avoiding Local Minima. Picture from&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.yaldex.com/&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;http&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;://&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;www&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;yaldex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;또한 Momentum 방식을 이용할 경우 위의 그림과 같이 local minima를 빠져나오는 효과가 있을 것이라고도 기대할 수 있다. 기존의 SGD를 이용할 경우 좌측의 local minima에 빠지면 gradient가 0이 되어 이동할 수가 없지만, momentum 방식의 경우 기존에 이동했던 방향에 관성이 있어 이 local minima를 빠져나오고 더 좋은 minima로 이동할 것을 기대할 수 있게 된다. 반면 momentum 방식을 이용할 경우 기존의 변수들&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;외에도 과거에 이동했던 양을 변수별로 저장해야하므로 변수에 대한 메모리가 기존의 두 배로 필요하게 된다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;nesterov-accelerated-gradient-nag&quot;&gt;Nesterov Accelerated Gradient (NAG)&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Nesterov Accelerated Gradient(NAG)는 Momentum 방식을 기초로 한 방식이지만, Gradient를 계산하는 방식이 살짝 다르다. 빠른 이해를 위해 다음 그림을 먼저 살펴보자.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/L0OBS/btqxPS3L7ag/q3n0FxhscEkbVZHUoOwkE1/img.jpg&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/L0OBS/btqxPS3L7ag/q3n0FxhscEkbVZHUoOwkE1/img.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/L0OBS/btqxPS3L7ag/q3n0FxhscEkbVZHUoOwkE1/img.jpg&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FL0OBS%2FbtqxPS3L7ag%2Fq3n0FxhscEkbVZHUoOwkE1%2Fimg.jpg&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Difference between Momentum and NAG. Picture from CS231.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Momentum 방식에서는 이동 벡터&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;를 계산할 때 현재 위치에서의 gradient와 momentum step을 독립적으로 계산하고 합친다. 반면, NAG에서는 momentum step을 먼저 고려하여, momentum step을 먼저 이동했다고 생각한 후 그 자리에서의 gradient를 구해서 gradient step을 이동한다. 이를 수식으로 나타내면 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt=&amp;gamma;vt&amp;minus;1+&amp;eta;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;&amp;minus;&amp;gamma;vt&amp;minus;1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;NAG를 이용할 경우 Momentum 방식에 비해 보다 효과적으로 이동할 수 있다. Momentum 방식의 경우 멈춰야 할 시점에서도 관성에 의해 훨씬 멀리 갈수도 있다는 단점이 존재하는 반면, NAG 방식의 경우 일단 모멘텀으로 이동을 반정도 한 후 어떤 방식으로 이동해야할 지를 결정한다. 따라서 Momentum 방식의 빠른 이동에 대한 이점은 누리면서도, 멈춰야 할 적절한 시점에서 제동을 거는 데에 훨씬 용이하다고 생각할 수 있을 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;adagrad&quot;&gt;Adagrad&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Adagrad(Adaptive Gradient)는 변수들을 update할 때 각각의 변수마다 step size를 다르게 설정해서 이동하는 방식이다. 이 알고리즘의 기본적인 아이디어는 &amp;lsquo;지금까지 많이 변화하지 않은 변수들은 step size를 크게 하고, 지금까지 많이 변화했던 변수들은 step size를 작게 하자&amp;rsquo; 라는 것이다. 자주 등장하거나 변화를 많이 한 변수들의 경우 optimum에 가까이 있을 확률이 높기 때문에 작은 크기로 이동하면서 세밀한 값을 조정하고, 적게 변화한 변수들은 optimum 값에 도달하기 위해서는 많이 이동해야할 확률이 높기 때문에 먼저 빠르게 loss 값을 줄이는 방향으로 이동하려는 방식이라고 생각할 수 있겠다. 특히 word2vec이나 GloVe 같이 word representation을 학습시킬 경우 단어의 등장 확률에 따라 variable의 사용 비율이 확연하게 차이나기 때문에 Adagrad와 같은 학습 방식을 이용하면 훨씬 더 좋은 성능을 거둘 수 있을 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Adagrad의 한 스텝을 수식화하여 나타내면 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt=Gt&amp;minus;1+(&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;t))2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;radic;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sdot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;t+1=&amp;theta;t&amp;minus;&amp;eta;Gt+ϵ&amp;sdot;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;t)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Neural Network의 parameter가 k개라고 할 때,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;는 k차원 벡터로서 &amp;lsquo;time step t까지 각 변수가 이동한 gradient의 sum of squares&amp;rsquo; 를 저장한다.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 업데이트하는 상황에서는 기존 step size&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 루트값에 반비례한 크기로 이동을 진행하여, 지금까지 많이 변화한 변수일 수록 적게 이동하고 적게 변화한 변수일 수록 많이 이동하도록 한다. 이 때&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;은&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&amp;minus;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;~&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&amp;minus;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;정도의 작은 값으로서 0으로 나누는 것을 방지하기 위한 작은 값이다. 여기에서&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 업데이트하는 식에서 제곱은 element-wise 제곱을 의미하며,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 업데이트하는 식에서도&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sdot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sdot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;은 element-wise한 연산을 의미한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Adagrad를 사용하면 학습을 진행하면서 굳이 step size decay등을 신경써주지 않아도 된다는 장점이 있다. 보통 adagrad에서 step size로는 0.01 정도를 사용한 뒤, 그 이후로는 바꾸지 않는다. 반면, Adagrad에는 학습을 계속 진행하면 step size가 너무 줄어든다는 문제점이 있다.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;에는 계속 제곱한 값을 넣어주기 때문에&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 값들은 계속해서 증가하기 때문에, 학습이 오래 진행될 경우 step size가 너무 작아져서 결국 거의 움직이지 않게 된다. 이를 보완하여 고친 알고리즘이 RMSProp과 AdaDelta이다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;rmsprop&quot;&gt;RMSProp&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;RMSProp은 딥러닝의 대가 제프리 힌톤이 제안한 방법으로서, Adagrad의 단점을 해결하기 위한 방법이다. Adagrad의 식에서 gradient의 제곱값을 더해나가면서 구한&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;부분을 합이 아니라 지수평균으로 바꾸어서 대체한 방법이다. 이렇게 대체를 할 경우 Adagrad처럼&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 무한정 커지지는 않으면서 최근 변화량의 변수간 상대적인 크기 차이는 유지할 수 있다. 식으로 나타내면 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G=&amp;gamma;G+(1&amp;minus;&amp;gamma;)(&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;t))2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;radic;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sdot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;&amp;eta;G+ϵ&amp;sdot;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;t)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;adadelta&quot;&gt;AdaDelta&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;AdaDelta (Adaptive Delta) 는 RMSProp과 유사하게 AdaGrad의 단점을 보완하기 위해 제안된 방법이다. AdaDelta는 RMSProp과 동일하게&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 구할 때 합을 구하는 대신 지수평균을 구한다. 다만, 여기에서는 step size를 단순하게&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;로 사용하는 대신 step size의 변화값의 제곱을 가지고 지수평균 값을 사용한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G=&amp;gamma;G+(1&amp;minus;&amp;gamma;)(&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;t))2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;radic;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;radic;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sdot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;=s+ϵG+ϵ&amp;sdot;&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;t)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gamma;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;s=&amp;gamma;s+(1&amp;minus;&amp;gamma;)&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;얼핏 보면 왜 이러한 식이 도출되었는지 이해가 안될 수 있지만, 이는 사실 Gradient Descent와 같은 first-order optimization 대신 Second-order optimization을 approximate 하기 위한 방법이다. 실제로&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.matthewzeiler.com/pubs/googleTR2012/googleTR2012.pdf&quot;&gt;논문&lt;/a&gt;의 저자는 SGD, Momentum, Adagrad와 같은 식들의 경우&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 unit(단위)을 구해보면&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 unit이 아니라&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 unit의 역수를 따른다는 것을 지적한다.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 unit을&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;u(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;라고 하고 J는 unit이 없다고 생각할 경우, first-order optimization에서는&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;prop;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;prop;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;&amp;prop;&amp;part;J&amp;part;&amp;theta;&amp;prop;1u(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이다. 반면, Newton method와 같은 second-order optimization을 생각해보면&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;prop;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;prop;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;&amp;prop;&amp;part;J&amp;part;&amp;theta;&amp;part;2J&amp;part;&amp;theta;2&amp;prop;u(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이므로 바른 unit을 가지게 된다. 따라서 저자는 Newton&amp;rsquo;s method를 이용하여&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;J&amp;part;&amp;theta;&amp;part;2J&amp;part;&amp;theta;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;라고 생각한 후,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;Delta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;part;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&amp;part;2J&amp;part;&amp;theta;2=&amp;Delta;&amp;theta;&amp;part;J&amp;part;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;이므로 이를 분자의 Root Mean Square, 분모의 Root Mean Square 값의 비율로 근사한 것이다. 더욱 자세한 설명을 원하시는 분은 논문을 직접 읽어보시길 바란다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;adam&quot;&gt;Adam&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Adam (Adaptive Moment Estimation)은 RMSProp과 Momentum 방식을 합친 것 같은 알고리즘이다. 이 방식에서는 Momentum 방식과 유사하게 지금까지 계산해온 기울기의 지수평균을 저장하며, RMSProp과 유사하게 기울기의 제곱값의 지수평균을 저장한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;mt=&amp;beta;1mt&amp;minus;1+(1&amp;minus;&amp;beta;1)&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nabla;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt=&amp;beta;2vt&amp;minus;1+(1&amp;minus;&amp;beta;2)(&amp;nabla;&amp;theta;J(&amp;theta;))2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;다만, Adam에서는 m과 v가 처음에 0으로 초기화되어 있기 때문에 학습의 초반부에서는&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;mt,vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 0에 가깝게 bias 되어있을 것이라고 판단하여 이를 unbiased 하게 만들어주는 작업을 거친다.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;와&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;의 식을&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sum;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;sum;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;형태로 펼친 후 양변에 expectation을 씌워서 정리해보면, 다음과 같은 보정을 통해 unbiased 된 expectation을 얻을 수 있다. 이 보정된 expectation들을 가지고 gradient가 들어갈 자리에&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;mt^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;G&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;가 들어갈 자리에&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;를 넣어 계산을 진행한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;mt^=mt1&amp;minus;&amp;beta;1t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vt^=vt1&amp;minus;&amp;beta;2t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;eta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;oline;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;radic;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;theta;=&amp;theta;&amp;minus;&amp;eta;vt^+ϵmt^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;보통&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;로는 0.9,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;beta;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;로는 0.999,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;ϵ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;으로는&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;minus;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;10&amp;minus;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;정도의 값을 사용한다고 한다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;출처 -&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://shuuki4.github.io/deep%20learning/2016/05/20/Gradient-Descent-Algorithm-Overview.html&quot;&gt;http://shuuki4.github.io/deep%20learning/2016/05/20/Gradient-Descent-Algorithm-Overview.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1123</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/Optimization-Algorithms#entry1123comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2019 13:25:30 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>optimizer 원리</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/optimizer</link>
      <description>&lt;h3&gt;Gradient Descent&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;뉴럴 네트워크의 loss function의 현 weight의 기울기(gradient)를 구하고 loss를 줄이는 방향으로 업데이트(조정)해 나가는 방법을 통해서 뉴럴 네트워크를 학습하였습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;loss(cost) function이라는게 나왔군요. 뉴럴 네트워크에서 loss function은 무엇일까요? 간단히 설명하면 지금 현재의 가중치에서 &quot;틀린정도&quot;를 알려주는 함수이죠.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;216&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Kyfnl/btqxPRX3oxG/BO56WCKPKtrr639Le7Y9nk/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Kyfnl/btqxPRX3oxG/BO56WCKPKtrr639Le7Y9nk/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Kyfnl/btqxPRX3oxG/BO56WCKPKtrr639Le7Y9nk/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FKyfnl%2FbtqxPRX3oxG%2FBO56WCKPKtrr639Le7Y9nk%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;즉, 현재 네트워크의 weight에서 내가 가진 데이터를 다 넣어주면 전체 에러가 계산 되겠죠? 거기서 미분을 하면 에러를 줄이는 방향을 알 수 있습니다. 바로 위의 그림과 같이 말이죠. 그 방향으로 정해진 스텝량(learning rate)을 곱해서 weight을 이동시킵니다. 이걸 계속 반복해서 학습을 하는 것이죠.&lt;br /&gt;수식을 간단히 살펴보면, 아래와 같습니다. 풀어서 보면 어려운 감이 있지만 하나하나 보면 그래도 조금은 이해할 수 있을거 같군요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;580&quot; height=&quot;84&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Ie4W5/btqxM5XyD2x/fcKe5KkV34SsWYUhTvtDwk/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Ie4W5/btqxM5XyD2x/fcKe5KkV34SsWYUhTvtDwk/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Ie4W5/btqxM5XyD2x/fcKe5KkV34SsWYUhTvtDwk/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FIe4W5%2FbtqxM5XyD2x%2FfcKe5KkV34SsWYUhTvtDwk%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;580&quot; height=&quot;84&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;그러나 기존의 Gradient Descent 방식에는 크나큰 단점이 있었습니다. 위에서 적은 내용을 보시게 되면 한가지 큰 문제점을 발견할 수 있습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;내가 가진 데이터를 다 넣어주면 전체 에러가 계산 되겠죠?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;바로 이 부분입니다. 최적값을 찾아 나가기 위해서 한칸 전진할 때마다 모든 데이터 셋을 넣어주어야 한다는 것이죠. 그래서 학습이 굉장히 오래 걸리는 문제가 발생하게 되는 것이죠. 언제 다 학습시킬 것인가라는 문제가 발생한 것이죠. 그러면 Gradient Descent 말고 더 빠른 Optimizer는 없는지 연구자들이 고민을 하게 되죠 그래서 나온 것이&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stochastic Gradient Descent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;stochastic-gradient-descent&quot;&gt;Stochastic Gradient Descent&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stochastic Gradient Descent(이하 SGD)의 아이디어는 간단합니다. 바로 조금만 훑어보고(Mini batch) 빠르게 가봅시다라는 것이죠. GD와 SGD의 차이를 간단히 그림으로 비교해보면 아래의 그림과 같습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;353&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/1qpNk/btqxNUBtJQS/M6QOd4XOzfhepuSA7dd6fK/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/1qpNk/btqxNUBtJQS/M6QOd4XOzfhepuSA7dd6fK/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/1qpNk/btqxNUBtJQS/M6QOd4XOzfhepuSA7dd6fK/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2F1qpNk%2FbtqxNUBtJQS%2FM6QOd4XOzfhepuSA7dd6fK%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;353&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;최적값을 찾아가는 과정을 비교하는 그림을 살펴보면 조금더 쉽게 이해하실 수 있을 것입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;371&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bAMuKM/btqxQUmudga/ZwPPNiUhtPCmOkdKDWzhq1/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bAMuKM/btqxQUmudga/ZwPPNiUhtPCmOkdKDWzhq1/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/bAMuKM/btqxQUmudga/ZwPPNiUhtPCmOkdKDWzhq1/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FbAMuKM%2FbtqxQUmudga%2FZwPPNiUhtPCmOkdKDWzhq1%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; height=&quot;371&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;GD의 경우 항상 전체 데이터 셋을 가지고 한발자국 전진할 때마다(learning rate) 최적의 값을 찾아 나아가고 있는 모습을 볼수 있습니다. 그러나 SGD는 Mini-batch 사이즈 만큼 조금씩 돌려서 최적의 값으로 가고 있습니다. 그러나 최적값을 찾아 나아가는 과정을 봤을 때는 약간 뒤죽 박죽의 형태로 찾아가지만 속도는 GD 보다 훨씬 빠릅니다.&lt;br /&gt;간단한 예제로 비교해보면 다음과 같습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;GD
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;모든 데이터를 계산한다 =&amp;gt; 소요시간 1시간&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;최적의 한스텝을 나아간다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;6 스텝 * 1시간 = 6시간&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;확실한데 너무 느리다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;SGD
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;일부 데이터만 계산한다 =&amp;gt; 소요시간 5분&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;빠르게 전진한다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;10 스텝 * 5분 =&amp;gt; 50분&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;조금 헤메지만 그래도 빠르게 간다!&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이렇게 해서 GD로 너무 오래 걸리는 학습 방법을 SGD를 통해 개선을 하였습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;그러나 SGD에도 문제점이 존재합니다. 미니 배치를 통해 학습을 시키는 경우 최적의 값을 찾아 가기 위한 방향 설정이 뒤죽 박죽입니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;80&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/dGOvaC/btqxQUGLmBJ/rIJiAZIgP3NP9dKP9kkM0K/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/dGOvaC/btqxQUGLmBJ/rIJiAZIgP3NP9dKP9kkM0K/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/dGOvaC/btqxQUGLmBJ/rIJiAZIgP3NP9dKP9kkM0K/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FdGOvaC%2FbtqxQUGLmBJ%2FrIJiAZIgP3NP9dKP9kkM0K%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;80&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;또 다른 문제점은 스텝의 사이즈입니다. 이것을 다른 말로 정의하면 learning rate입니다. 한걸음 나아가기 위한 보폭이 낮으면 학습하는데 오래 걸리고, 너무 크면 최적의 값을 찾지 못하는 문제가 있겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;360&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/6GQXY/btqxQpAe4we/RaTKFekBl4n6HDu9Stz280/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/6GQXY/btqxQpAe4we/RaTKFekBl4n6HDu9Stz280/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/6GQXY/btqxQpAe4we/RaTKFekBl4n6HDu9Stz280/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2F6GQXY%2FbtqxQpAe4we%2FRaTKFekBl4n6HDu9Stz280%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;그래서 최근의 연구에서는 이러한 SGD의 문제점을 인지하고 각각의 문제점들을 개선하는 더 좋은 Optimizer들이 많이 있습니다. 새로운 Optimizer 들에 대해 알아보도록 하겠습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Optimizer 계보&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;310&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Y3jVc/btqxOItJJDw/2GBoi2VeWrnOllPbWCym31/img.png&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Y3jVc/btqxOItJJDw/2GBoi2VeWrnOllPbWCym31/img.png&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Y3jVc/btqxOItJJDw/2GBoi2VeWrnOllPbWCym31/img.png&quot; srcset=&quot;https://img1.daumcdn.net/thumb/R1280x0/?scode=mtistory2&amp;amp;fname=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.kakaocdn.net%2Fdn%2FY3jVc%2FbtqxOItJJDw%2F2GBoi2VeWrnOllPbWCym31%2Fimg.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; height=&quot;310&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;위의 자료는 references에 나와있는 하용호님의 슬라이드에 있는 내용입니다. Optimizer에 대해서 굉장히 손쉽고 이해하기 쉽게 정리를 해주셨습니다.&lt;br /&gt;그림과 같이 SGD의 방향의 문제점을 집중적으로 개선한 알고리즘들부터 스텝 사이즈를 얼마나 하는게 좋을 것인가에 대한 알고리즘 2개로 나누어져 있으면 마지막엔 이러한 2가지 방법을 같이 사용한 알고리즘들이 나왔습니다.&lt;br /&gt;그럼 한번 각 알고리즘의 성능에 관하여 그림으로 살펴보면 아래와 같습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Tr6uP/btqxOJsHFV4/lrhk7WD2hyHYyP8jRKdbak/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Tr6uP/btqxOJsHFV4/lrhk7WD2hyHYyP8jRKdbak/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Tr6uP/btqxOJsHFV4/lrhk7WD2hyHYyP8jRKdbak/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/Tr6uP/btqxOJsHFV4/lrhk7WD2hyHYyP8jRKdbak/img.gif&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;또 다른 그림으로 살펴볼까요?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b7645L/btqxQVeBNY3/8BkNS1kD3kQYmpx2WA338K/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b7645L/btqxQVeBNY3/8BkNS1kD3kQYmpx2WA338K/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b7645L/btqxQVeBNY3/8BkNS1kD3kQYmpx2WA338K/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b7645L/btqxQVeBNY3/8BkNS1kD3kQYmpx2WA338K/img.gif&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;최근에 가장 많이 사용되는 Optimizer는 Adam을 많이 사용합니다. 대부분의 프레임워크에서도 지원을 하고 있고요.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이를 통해 기존의 SGD가 가지고 있는 문제점인 GD보다는 빠르지만 길을 헤메는 문제점을 개선시킨 버전들을 만들어서 더 빠르고 정확하게 최적을 값을 찾을 수 있는 알고리즘이 많이 나왔습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;결론&quot;&gt;결론&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;이번 포스트에서는 학습이 오래 걸리는 문제점의 원인에 대해 알아보았고 학습을 빠르게 하기 위해서 어떠한 방법으로 Optimizer가 개선되었는지에 대해 알아보았습니다. 오늘의 결론을 간략히 요약해 보면 다음과 같습니다.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gradient Descent
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;최적을 값을 찾아가는 것은 정확하지만 너무 느리다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stochastic Gradient Descent를 통해서 빠르게 찾을 수 있도록 발전
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;그러나 최적의 값을 찾아가는 방향이 뒤죽 박죽이고, 한 스텝 나아가기 위한 사이즈를 정하기 어렵다.위한 사이즈를 정하기 어렵다.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;방향과 스텝 사이즈를 고려하는 새로운 Optimizer들이 많이 나왔다.
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;방향성
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Momentum&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;NAG&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;스텝 사이즈
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Adagrad&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;RMSPop&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;AdaDelta&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;방향성 + 스텝사이즈
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Adam&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nadam&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;출처:&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://seamless.tistory.com/38&quot;&gt;https://seamless.tistory.com/38&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[Mino's blog]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1122</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/optimizer#entry1122comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Aug 2019 13:22:55 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>programmer</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/programmer</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; data-filename=&quot;programmer.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/4iwYk/btqtWhFyOpe/aF8CRdTChEi953As9FOP2k/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/4iwYk/btqtWhFyOpe/aF8CRdTChEi953As9FOP2k/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/4iwYk/btqtWhFyOpe/aF8CRdTChEi953As9FOP2k/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/4iwYk/btqtWhFyOpe/aF8CRdTChEi953As9FOP2k/img.gif&quot; data-filename=&quot;programmer.gif&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>etc</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1116</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/programmer#entry1116comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2019 09:06:04 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Secure Shell: How Does SSH Work</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/Secure-Shell-How-Does-SSH-Work</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Taking remote shell, for carrying out different tasks is a norm, if you have multiple server machine's in your infrastructure. Different protocols and tools were made to accomplish this task of taking a remote shell. Although the tools made during the initial days were capable enough to carry out necessary shell related tasks, there were different design concerns, that resulted in advancements and new tools to accomplish this task.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In this tutorial guide, we will be discussing one such tool, that was designed to eliminate the flaws in previous remote shell programs. Our topic of interest for this tutorial is none other than the Secure Sell, better known as SSH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The key characteristics that makes a remote login program an efficient one is pointed out in the below list.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;The first and the foremost is the privacy of the communication. This means the connection, which provides a remote shell login, must be encrypted to prevent eavesdropping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;There must be a mechanism to check whether the data send by either party is not altered, or tampered with. In short, integrity check is a must.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Identity of both the server and the client must be provided to each other, to establish a proper authentication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A wonderful thing about the Secure Shell (SSH), is the fact that, it incorporates all the above mentioned characteristics, in addition to some unique features of its own.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Encryption and authentication mechanisms provided by SSH enhances security to a greater extent, because mostly the communication occurs through a medium, which is unsecured(The Internet). This is majorly due to the fact that, ssh was made to replace some insecure remote login programs like rlogin,telnet etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH provides multiple mechanisms for authenticating the server and the client. Two of the commonly used authentication mechanism are password based, and key based authentication. Although password based authentication is also secure, its advisable to use key based authentication instead. As i mentioned before, there are some added features apart from the secure authentication and data encryption provided by ssh. Some of the well known features of SSH are mentioned below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH Tunneling&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;TCP port forwarding&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We will not be discussing the above mentioned features of SSH in this tutorial, instead will be discussing how an SSH connection from a server to a client work. We will be discussing the complete workflow of an SSH connection in detail. Iterations in protocols to improve the overall working, is a norm. SSH protocol also has different iterations and among them the most widely used versions are SSH version 1 and SSH version 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The current default and recommended version of SSH is SSH protocol Version 2. We will be beginning by discussing both these versions separately and will be ending with a comparison of both these two versions of SSH, along with its workflow.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;When we discuss encryption and data security, there are two types of primarily used cryptographic systems. One is Public Key cryptography(or sometimes called as asymmetric cryptography) &amp;amp; the other is Secret key cryptography (or sometimes called as symmetric cryptography)&lt;/span&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Most of the modern day security system's use these two types, in multiple ways to ensure security in communication. I have two article's that discuss tools related to symmetric and asymmetric encryption.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slashroot.in/understanding-working-secure-socket-layerssl&quot;&gt;How does SSL Encryption Work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.slashroot.in/gpg-gnu-privacy-guard-tutorial-commandline-encryption-and-decryption&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Using GNU Privacy Guard to encrypt communication&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The above tutorial's does not discuss cryptography, but it does describe its application in real life. We will be including a few articles related to cryptography in the coming days&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(I know its quite difficult to discuss cryptography details, but will surely give it an attempt.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;imageblock alignCenter&quot; width=&quot;20&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-url=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b8uvyG/btqtUCcMYZb/wXcBkW8Lbvw9HQ7VOVKeR0/img.gif&quot; data-phocus=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b8uvyG/btqtUCcMYZb/wXcBkW8Lbvw9HQ7VOVKeR0/img.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b8uvyG/btqtUCcMYZb/wXcBkW8Lbvw9HQ7VOVKeR0/img.gif&quot; srcset=&quot;https://blog.kakaocdn.net/dn/b8uvyG/btqtUCcMYZb/wXcBkW8Lbvw9HQ7VOVKeR0/img.gif&quot; width=&quot;20&quot; height=&quot;20&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;Workflow of Secure Shell(SSH) Protocol Version 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The major confusion, that's widely found among industry people, is that &quot;SSH works on Public key encryption and not on Secret Key encryption&quot;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;I would like to take this opportunity to clear this confusion here. Asymmetric encryption has a lot of overhead involved, and is a little bit time consuming to decrypt data using it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Due to which most of the protocol employs Public key cryptography(asymmetric encryption), only to share the secret key used for symmetric encryption, which will be used as a primary encryption mechanism for the entire data communication in that session.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;To make things clear&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Asymmetric encryption is only used to share the secret key, which will be used for symmetric encryption&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So if you think logically, the first step, that needs to be taken while establishing an SSH connection, is to make a secure channel between the server and the client.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First the client authenticates the server, because client is the one that initiates the connection. After the server is authenticated, and the client is sure about the identity of the server, a secure symmetric channel is formed between them.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This secure channel will be used for authenticating the client,sharing keys,passwords,and other things. For understanding how this works, let's go through a step by step process.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Step 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A connection is always initiated by the client to the server. So the first step is to establish a TCP connection to port 22 on the server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Let's see what we get when we connect to port 22 on the server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;code_1553731281390&quot; class=&quot;html xml&quot; data-ke-type=&quot;codeblock&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@slashroot1 ~]# telnet 192.168.0.105 22
&amp;lt;div id=&quot;edfs&quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&quot;http://graciatelevisio.cat/payday-loans-direct-lenders-instant-approval&quot;&amp;gt;graciatelevisio.cat/payday-loans-direct-lenders-instant-approval&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;
Trying 192.168.0.105...
Connected to 192.168.0.105 (192.168.0.105).
Escape character is '^]'.
SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_4.3&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The client gets two valuable information from the above connection. One is the Protocol version supported by the server. Second is the ssh server package version(which is not necessary. In fact you should not reveal this message to the client)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;At this point, the client will continue if it supports version 2 protocol, otherwise will break the connection.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Step 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;As soon as the client decides whether it should continue, based on the protocol version shown by the server, server and client will now switch to a&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;Binary Packet Protocol&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;This protocol contains a packet length of 32 bits(This length is excluding the length field, and message authentication field), padding&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Step 3:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The server will now send some of the critical information to the client. This information will be playing a major role in the current session of the login.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The information send by the server are as follows.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;The server will disclose its identity to the client. This identity is a rsa public key of the server. This key is mostly stored in the below location on a server(for this example, i will be working on a centos 5 machine). It is created during the openssh server installation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;code_1553731350641&quot; class=&quot;python&quot; data-ke-type=&quot;codeblock&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@slashroot1 ssh]# pwd
/etc/ssh
[root@slashroot1 ssh]# cat ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAxlwxaB4wKrFHGsqUYEzYtTIJWjgul8ML+bnnJIg0HER1wnW2QitRqDzw6f9cr3WKvwqAQh/Sf4bM0LqUAXZre+J6oiLY7X8V6NtEA8nHO1qryueNe44rI6HYunZ3yo4UAXUZqxhjer+tA8OCD6DLRfXOWIMsBUBXJuB+yl1/qGH2J0Kjrnpj17N0mPMqGmMb8+9EjV1Rs1aSDriIWjDsJIDd8fz4gRoelB5mFsEQ7rD+m/RNWxbAhkBoNcFadRg30LqhCtGYQsWADv0p4THCDVZxB3u9VSWK9qZRgF7LbGRdgiVgJjGDPqCO3cWlnQzxcZ9VdvKy+em1RB9BJ++kuw==&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the client is communicating with the server for the first time. The client will get a warning on his screen which will be something like the below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;code_1553731365649&quot; class=&quot;python&quot; data-ke-type=&quot;codeblock&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@slashroot1 ~]# ssh 192.168.0.105
The authenticity of host '192.168.0.105 (192.168.0.105)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is c7:14:f4:85:5f:52:cb:f9:53:56:9d:b3:0c:1e:a3:1f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)?&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The client will get the above warning only when he connects for the first time. After the first connection, this host identity key will be saved in a known_hosts file so that, in future you will not get a warning while connecting to this server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The thing to understand here is that, the above key is a host identity, and not a user identity. Any client connecting to that server will get that same host-key as a server identity, so that if you connect to another machine, instead of this you will be warned(because the client does not have the identity in its known_host file)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;The second information provided by the server to the client is the server key. This server key is a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;key exchanged from server to the client. This method is not used in ssh version 2, which will be discussed later.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;This key is also regenerated each and every hour according to the default configuration. Its default size is 768 bits. You can see this in the ssh server configuration file (&lt;b&gt;/etc/ssh/sshd_conf&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;code_1553731380412&quot; class=&quot;python&quot; data-ke-type=&quot;codeblock&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;# Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key
#KeyRegenerationInterval 1h
#ServerKeyBits 768&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;8 random bytes which are also called checkbytes. It is necessary for the client to send these bytes in its reply to the server, during its next reply.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Finally the server provides all supported encryption, as well as authentication methods.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Step 4:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;According to the list of encryption algorithms supported by the server, the client simply creates a random symmetric key and sends that symmetric key to the server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;This symmetric key will be used to encrypt as well as decrypt the whole communication during this session.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The client takes an additional care while sending this session key(symmetric key for this session) to the server, by doing a double encryption. The first encryption is done by the server host key(which was shared by the server during step 3), and the second encryption is done by the server key(which will keep on changing every one hour.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;This double encryption increases the security, because even if somebody has the host private key of the server (&lt;b&gt;/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;he will not be able to decrypt the message, because its still encrypted by the server key, which keeps on changing on an hourly basis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Along with this double encrypted session key, the client will also send the selected algorithm from the list of supported algorithm given by the server during step 3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Step 4:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;According to the list of encryption algorithms supported by the server, the client simply creates a random symmetric key and sends that symmetric key to the server.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This symmetric key will be used to encrypt as well as decrypt the whole communication during this session.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The client takes an additional care while sending this session key(symmetric key for this session) to the server, by doing a double encryption. The first encryption is done by the server host key(which was shared by the server during step 3), and the second encryption is done by the server key(which will keep on changing every one hour.)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This double encryption increases the security, because even if somebody has the host private key of the server (&lt;b&gt;/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key&lt;/b&gt;),&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;he will not be able to decrypt the message, because its still encrypted by the server key, which keeps on changing on an hourly basis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Along with this double encrypted session key, the client will also send the selected algorithm from the list of supported algorithm given by the server during step 3.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Step 5:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;If you notice, the client has still not authenticated the server. It only has the identity of the server, which was given by the server in the form of server host key.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In order to authenticate the server, the client needs to be sure, that the server was able to decrypt the session key send during step 4. So after sending the session key(which is double encrypted with server key and server host key), the client waits for a confirmation message from the server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The confirmation from the server must be encrypted with the symmetric session key, which the client send. This step of waiting for a confirmation message is very important for the client, because the client has no other way to verify whether the server host key send, was from the intended server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Once the client receives a confirmation from the server, both of them can now start the communication with this symmetric encryption key.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;But till now only the server is authenticated. The client is yet to be authenticated by the server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;Client Authentication methods supported by SSH&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Now the complete communication will be in a symmetric encrypted form, with the help of the session key.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The client authentication happens over this encrypted channel. There are multiple methods that can be used to authenticate the client. Some of them are mentioned below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Public Key&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Rhosts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Password&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Kerberos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;b&gt;Related&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;: Kerberos and its Working&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;We will only be discussing the two most commonly used methods here. Passwords &amp;amp; public key method of authentication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Password authentication&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Password based authentication is simple, and is the most commonly used authentication methods in ssh. It is exactly the same as you log in to a local user using the correct password. The remote server on getting the passwords, logs in the user, based on the server's native password authentication mechanism.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Note the fact that the password transmitted by the client to the server is encrypted through the session symmetric key(which only the server and the client knows)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;Public Key Authentication&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The second authentication method is public key authentication method. Public key authentication in secure shell is the strongest authentication methods, that can be used to authenticate the client.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;For this authentication to work, the client first needs to create an RSA public and private key. Which can be done by a command called ssh-keygen. Always keep in mind, that this key generation is only used for authenticating the client, and not used for encrypting the complete session. Encryption of the complete ssh session is already established by a symmetric session key which was previously shared by the client and the server.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Let's see what happens in this public key authentication. We will first need to create two keys(One private and one public). This public key will be given to all those server's where your require authentication. So a client that needs log-in to multiple servers using public key, needs to distribute his key to those multiple servers first. Any data encrypted with that public key, can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key(which is only with the original client.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;code_1553731403785&quot; class=&quot;python&quot; data-ke-type=&quot;codeblock&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@slashroot1 ~]# cd .ssh/
[root@slashroot1 .ssh]# ll -a
total 16
drwx------ 2 root root 4096 Feb 25 14:19 .
drwxr-x--- 9 root root 4096 Feb 25 09:58 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Feb 25 14:08 known_hosts
[root@slashroot1 .ssh]#&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The above shown directory of .ssh (which is a directory that contains the user specific ssh details. Its inside the home directory of the user.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;As of now the directory only has one file called&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;known_hosts.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;This is the file which will contain the complete list of server host keys line by line. We have previously seen that when a user connects to an ssh server for the first time, the user will get a warning of the server host key(because the client does not have the entry of the server host key in the file, which proves the server identity).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;After the first connection the server host key is saved in the file&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;known_hosts&lt;/b&gt;, so that when you connect again you will not get a warning(this warning is very much helpful, because it will let you know if you are logging into an attacker's machine instead of the original server).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;This will be the location(&lt;b&gt;~/.ssh&lt;/b&gt;), where the keys for public key authentication will be saved. Lets create our keys for this authentication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;pre id=&quot;code_1553731421215&quot; class=&quot;python&quot; data-ke-type=&quot;codeblock&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;[root@slashroot1 ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
47:b0:9a:e5:7f:ca:df:ca:aa:20:4e:68:2d:ed:dc:a5 root@slashroot1.slashroot.in
[root@slashroot1 ~]#&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keep in mind that anything that is encrypted with the public key(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;id_rsa.pub&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;), can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key (which in our case is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;id_rsa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;If you see clearly the above command, has created two files in the .ssh directory. One is the private key (&lt;b&gt;id_rsa&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;which will by default have a permission of 600&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;and the other is the public key, which will be shared to the server(&lt;b&gt;id_rsa.pub&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Now let's share this&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;id_rsa.pub&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;with the server. The server will keep this public key inside its list of authorized hosts. Sharing this public key does not mean sharing the file&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;id_rsa.pub.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Sharing means the content of the file&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;id_rsa.pub,&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;must be there in the file&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;authorized_keys&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;on the server. This authorized hosts file is also located in the directory&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;.ssh&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;inside the home directory of the target user.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Let's get back to the point where we stopped at&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;step 5.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;From the list of authentication method's supported by the server, the client will select a public key authentication and will also send the the details about the cryptography used for this public key authentication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The server on receiving the public key authentication request, will first generate a random 256 bit string as a challenge for the client, and encrypt it with the client public key, which is inside the&lt;b&gt;authorized_keys&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;file.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The client on receiving the challenge, will decrypt it with the private key(&lt;b&gt;id_rsa&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;). The client will not send the challenge string as it is. But will combine that string with the session key(which was previously negotiated and is being used for symmetric encryption.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;And will generate a md5 hash value. This hash value is send to the server. The server on receiving the hash, will regenerate it(because the server also has both the random string as well as the session key), and if it matches the hash send by the client, the client authentication succeeds.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now let's get inside SSH protocol version 2.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH Protocol Version 2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH protocol version 2 is the default protocol used these days. This is due to some major advancements in version 2 compared to version 1. The workflow of the ssh login is almost same as that of version 1, however there are some major changes done in the protocol level. Some of these changes include improved encryption standards, Public key certification, much better message authentication codes, reassignment of session key etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;If you are using centos/rhel 5 like me, most of you might be using openssh version 4.3 or higher. These ssh client's, by default selects ssh protocol version 2 for login, and it will fallback to version 1 if the server does not support version 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Multiple functions like key exchange, authentication, encryption&amp;nbsp;were all part of a single protocol in version 1, due to which it is sometimes called as monolithic. SSH version 2 implements these different functions in different protocol(which combines together to make protocol version 2). Let's see these different internal protocol's inside ssh version 2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Transport Layer Protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Connection protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Authentication Protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;​The above three protocol's inside ssh version 2 is defined in seperate RFC's.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH version 1 is very much limited in its support for wide range of algorithms that can be used for session key exchange, message authentication codes, compression algorithms etc. SSH 2 gives pretty good number of choices for the client to select from. SSH version 2 even has a space for adding your own custom algorithm.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;During our discussion regarding session key (which is the symmetric key used for encrypting the complete session ), we saw that the client after selecting one algorithm from the list of supported by the server, generates a symmetric key and sends it to the server with double encryption(first encryption with the server host key and then with the server key, which keeps on changing every hour).&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;In ssh version 2, there is no concept of server key. Instead it the server provides with the list of supported key exchange methods, from which the client selects one. As of now ssh version 2 works on&amp;nbsp;&lt;span&gt;diffie-hellmangroup1-sha1&amp;nbsp;for exchanging keys. I will recommend reading the below article of Wikipedia, to get an idea about&amp;nbsp;diffie-hellmangroup1-sha1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Read:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;diffie-hellman&amp;nbsp;key exchange method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The basic idea behind this change is that no single party(client or the server), should decide the session key. All the supported key exchange algorithm that will be added in the future, will consist this property(nieigther server nor the client can dictate the session key)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;So there is no concept of server key (which is altered every hour) in ssh version 2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The second major change in SSH version 2 is the inclusion of a concept called as certificate authority(CA), who will sign the public key's used in the communication. This is exactly the same method used in SSL. However this is never implemented in real world as of now. But the protocol has already a room made for this.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Message authentication code's are used in any secure communication to verify the integrity of the message. Even SSH version 1 uses a message authentication code called as CRC-32(Cyclic Redundancy Check). CRC although does check alteration in data, but is not considered best when security is a major concern. SSH&amp;nbsp;2 uses advanced encryption standard based MAC. Some of the supported ssh&amp;nbsp;2 message authentication codes are as below.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;hmac-md5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;hmac-sha1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;​hmac-ripemd160&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Rekeying of session key&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH includes an added functionality called as rekying of the session key. What happens is, previously in ssh version 1, only one session key was used for the entire session. These days, almost all activities are carried out by ssh session. I myself login to a remote server, and leave that session as it is for weeks together, to continue from where i left.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;In such login ssh session's its better to change the session key without breaking the session. That's a feature in ssh version 2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;let's now have a summary of the&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;differences between ssh version 1 and ssh version 2&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;Diffie-Hellman key is used instead of the server key for sharing the session key in version 2 protocol&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;No Rhosts support in ssh&amp;nbsp;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH protocol version 1 only allows negotiation of the symmetric encryption algorithm, all other things are hard corded(mac, compression etc)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH 2 supports certificates for public keys used&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH 2 server can dictate the client to use multiple authentication methods in a single session to succeed. However ssh version 1 only supports one method per session&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;SSH version 2 allows the change of session key periodically.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Hope the above article was helpful in understanding the workflow of ssh. And the differences between two version's of SSH.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;출처 -&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.slashroot.in/secure-shell-how-does-ssh-work&quot;&gt;https://www.slashroot.in/secure-shell-how-does-ssh-work&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>보안</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1115</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/Secure-Shell-How-Does-SSH-Work#entry1115comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2019 09:03:42 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Click Through Rate Prediction</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/Click-Through-Rate-Prediction</link>
      <description>&lt;div class=&quot;toc-macro client-side-toc-macro  conf-macro output-block hidden-outline&quot; data-headerelements=&quot;H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6,H7&quot; data-hasbody=&quot;false&quot; data-macro-name=&quot;toc&quot; style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 15px 40px 15px 5px; font-size: 14px; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); background: rgb(249, 249, 249); display: inline-block; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1&quot;&gt;Kaggle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.1&quot;&gt;Avazu - Predict whether a mobile ad will be clicked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.1.1&quot;&gt;Data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.1.2&quot;&gt;Beat the benchmark with less than 1MB of memory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.2&quot;&gt;CriteoLabs - Display Advertising Challenge&lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding-left: 30px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.2.1&quot;&gt;Data&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.2.2&quot;&gt;md5sum 확인용&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;toc-item-body&quot; data-outline=&quot;1.2.3&quot;&gt;Beat the benchmark with less than 200MB of memory&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-Kaggle&quot; style=&quot;margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 1px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Kaggle&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; list-style-type: square; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h4 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-Avazu-Predictwhetheramobileadwillbeclicked&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.42857; letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;Avazu - Predict whether a mobile ad will be clicked&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h5 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-Data&quot; style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(94, 108, 132); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.66667; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Data&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction/data&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction/data&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;에서 제공하는 test.gz, train.gz 파일을 내려받는다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;train.gz 파일의 크기는 1.12GB 이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;code panel pdl conf-macro output-block&quot; data-hasbody=&quot;true&quot; data-macro-name=&quot;code&quot; style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;codeHeader panelHeader pdl&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 5px 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); background: rgb(245, 245, 245); overflow: hidden; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: consolas, monospace; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Data Field&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;codeContent panelContent pdl&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; line-height: 20px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;highlighter_454444&quot; class=&quot;syntaxhighlighter sh-rdark nogutter  erl&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1367px; position: relative; overflow: auto; font-size: 1em; background-color: rgb(27, 36, 38) !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1367px; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;code&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; background: none; overflow: visible; border-radius: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1352px; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;container&quot; title=&quot;Hint: double-click to select code&quot; style=&quot;margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: relative; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number1 index0 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;id: ad identifier&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number2 index1 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;click: 0/1 for non-click/click&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number3 index2 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;hour: format is&amp;nbsp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl constants&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(224, 232, 255) !important;&quot;&gt;YYMMDDHH&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;, so 14091123 means&amp;nbsp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl functions&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(255, 170, 62) !important;&quot;&gt;23:00&lt;/code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;on&amp;nbsp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl constants&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(224, 232, 255) !important;&quot;&gt;Sept&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;. 11, 2014&amp;nbsp;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl constants&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(224, 232, 255) !important;&quot;&gt;UTC&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number4 index3 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl constants&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(224, 232, 255) !important;&quot;&gt;C1&lt;/code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;-- anonymized categorical variable&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number5 index4 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;banner_pos&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number6 index5 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;site_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number7 index6 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;site_domain&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number8 index7 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;site_category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number9 index8 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;app_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number10 index9 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;app_domain&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number11 index10 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;app_category&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number12 index11 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;device_id&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number13 index12 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;device_ip&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number14 index13 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;device_model&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number15 index14 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;device_type&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number16 index15 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;device_conn_type&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number17 index16 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl constants&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(224, 232, 255) !important;&quot;&gt;C14&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;-&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;erl constants&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(224, 232, 255) !important;&quot;&gt;C21&lt;/code&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;code class=&quot;erl plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;-- anonymized categorical variables&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(112, 112, 112);&quot;&gt;4 Idiots' Solution &amp;amp; LIBFFM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction/discussion/12608&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction/discussion/12608&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h5 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-Beatthebenchmarkwithlessthan1MBofmemory&quot; style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(94, 108, 132); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.66667; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Beat the benchmark with less than 1MB of memory&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction/discussion/10927&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/c/avazu-ctr-prediction/discussion/10927&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;논문, 구현체&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libffm/&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libffm/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/guestwalk/kaggle-avazu&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://github.com/guestwalk/kaggle-avazu&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; list-style-type: square; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h4 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-CriteoLabs-DisplayAdvertisingChallenge&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.42857; letter-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;CriteoLabs - Display Advertising Challenge&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/criteo-display-ad-challenge&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/c/criteo-display-ad-challenge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h5 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-Data.1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(94, 108, 132); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.66667; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Data&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;kaggle 의 data 페이지에서 제공하는 data download link 는 깨어져 있다. CriteoLab 홈페이지에서 다운로드 받을 수 있는 링크는 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://labs.criteo.com/2014/02/download-kaggle-display-advertising-challenge-dataset/&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;http://labs.criteo.com/2014/02/download-kaggle-display-advertising-challenge-dataset/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/criteo-labs/dac.tar.gz&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204); text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/criteo-labs/dac.tar.gz&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;위 labs.criteo.com 페이지에서 연결된 실제 다운로드 링크&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;위의 링크에서 제공하는 dac.tar.gz 파일은 약 4GB 의 크기이다. 인터넷을 통해 내려받는데 속도가 느려 시간이 10시간 이상 걸릴 수 있다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://jkkim.me/kaggle/dac.tar.gz&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://jkkim.me/kaggle/dac.tar.gz&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;- 내려받아 놓은 파일&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h5 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-md5sum확인용&quot; style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(94, 108, 132); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.66667; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;md5sum 확인용&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;code panel pdl conf-macro output-block&quot; data-hasbody=&quot;true&quot; data-macro-name=&quot;code&quot; style=&quot;margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;codeContent panelContent pdl&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; line-height: 20px; overflow: hidden; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;highlighter_263476&quot; class=&quot;syntaxhighlighter sh-rdark nogutter  java&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1367px; position: relative; overflow: auto; font-size: 1em; background-color: rgb(27, 36, 38) !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1367px; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13px; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody style=&quot;border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;code&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; background: none; overflow: visible; border-radius: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1352px; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; min-height: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;container&quot; title=&quot;Hint: double-click to select code&quot; style=&quot;margin: 15px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background: none; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: relative; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number1 index0 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;java plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;$ md5 *.gz&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number2 index1 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;java plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;MD5 (dac.tar.gz) = df9b1b3766d9ff91d5ca3eb3d23bed27&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number3 index2 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;java plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;MD5 (sampleSubmission.gz) = 39c3ff7b677a8de71412f7cb00c4e5f2&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number4 index3 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;java plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;MD5 (test.gz) = 47e20bc113bd2009b46dd125bb987c76&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number5 index4 alt2&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;java plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;MD5 (train.gz) = f65aa86a4d3e3219c17225bd301b64f6&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;line number6 index5 alt1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1em 0px 0em; border-radius: 0px; background-image: none; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 0px; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;java plain&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Consolas, &amp;quot;Bitstream Vera Sans Mono&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Courier New&amp;quot;, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 4px; background: none; border: none; bottom: auto; float: none; height: auto; left: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; position: static; right: auto; top: auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box; min-height: inherit; color: rgb(185, 189, 182) !important;&quot;&gt;$&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h5 id=&quot;ClickThroughRatePrediction-Beatthebenchmarkwithlessthan200MBofmemory&quot; style=&quot;margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(94, 108, 132); font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.66667; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Beat the benchmark with less than 200MB of memory&lt;/h5&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.kaggle.com/c/criteo-display-ad-challenge/discussion/10322&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.kaggle.com/c/criteo-display-ad-challenge/discussion/10322&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://github.com/guestwalk/kaggle-2014-criteo&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://github.com/guestwalk/kaggle-2014-criteo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~r01922136/kaggle-2014-criteo.pdf&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~r01922136/kaggle-2014-criteo.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://medium.com/@chris_bour/what-i-learned-from-the-kaggle-criteo-data-science-odyssey-b7d1ba980e6&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;https://medium.com/@chris_bour/what-i-learned-from-the-kaggle-criteo-data-science-odyssey-b7d1ba980e6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1104</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/Click-Through-Rate-Prediction#entry1104comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2019 15:29:03 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>부스팅 기법의 이해</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85-%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95%EC%9D%98-%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4</link>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/99D7384C5C7F65DF2D&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/zip.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;boosting기법이해.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/993A60425C7F65DF34&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/unknown.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;boosting기법이해.z01&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1101</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85-%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95%EC%9D%98-%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4#entry1101comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 6 Mar 2019 15:18:47 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>회귀분석 강의노트</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/%ED%9A%8C%EA%B7%80%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D-%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%B8</link>
      <description>&lt;h4 id=&quot;id-회귀분석강의노트-권세혁교수-회귀분석강의노트&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.42857; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;권세혁 교수 - 회귀분석 강의노트&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;한남대학교 통계학과 권세혁 교수&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://wolfpack.hnu.ac.kr/lecture/Regression/&quot; class=&quot;external-link .external-link&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; data-ext-link-init=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 82, 204);&quot;&gt;http://wolfpack.hnu.ac.kr/lecture/Regression/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;1장&amp;nbsp;서론 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;2장&amp;nbsp;단순회귀, 추정 및 검정&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;3장&amp;nbsp;잔차분석&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;4장&amp;nbsp;다중회귀&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;5장&amp;nbsp;지시변수 모형&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;6장&amp;nbsp;다중공선성&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;7장&amp;nbsp;변수선택&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;8장&amp;nbsp;영향치, 이상치 진단&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;9장&amp;nbsp;로지스틱 회귀&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;10장&amp;nbsp;계량경제&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/99ACDD3B5C7F61C52B&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch1_introduction.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/99BEE33F5C7F61C902&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch2_simple.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/99613B425C7F61CE28&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch3_residual.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/991DC0425C7F61D130&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch4_multiple.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/996E1C425C7F61D41D&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch5_indicator.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/994D264E5C7F61D62F&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch6_multicollinearity.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/99DB91465C7F61DA22&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch7_selection.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/996D2F395C7F61DB32&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch8_influence.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/99096F4E5C7F61DD29&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch9_logistic.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;imageblock&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block;   height: auto; max-width: 100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://t1.daumcdn.net/cfile/tistory/990B334E5C7F61DE29&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://i1.daumcdn.net/cfs.tistory/v/0/blog/image/extension/pdf.gif&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot; onerror=&quot;this.onerror=null; this.src='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png'; this.srcset='//t1.daumcdn.net/tistory_admin/static/images/no-image-v1.png';&quot;/&gt;ch10_econometric.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1099</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/%ED%9A%8C%EA%B7%80%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D-%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%B8#entry1099comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 6 Mar 2019 14:57:22 +0900</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>최대우도법(Maximum Likelihood)</title>
      <link>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/%EC%B5%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9A%B0%EB%8F%84%EB%B2%95Maximum-Likelihood</link>
      <description>&lt;h2 id=&quot;id-최대우도법(MaximumLikelihood)-정의&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-size: 23px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: -0.01em; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-spacing: -1px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;정의&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;어떤 확률변수에서 표집한 값들을 토대로 그 확률변수의 모수를 구하는 방법.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;즉, 어떤 모수가 주어졌을 때, 원하는 값들이 나올 가능도를 최대로 만드는 모수를 선택하는 방법.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;id-최대우도법(MaximumLikelihood)-방법&quot; style=&quot;margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-size: 23px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: -0.01em; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-spacing: -1px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;방법&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;어떤 모수&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-1-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-1&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-2&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-3&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-4&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-5&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;로 결정되는 확률변수들의 모임&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-2-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-6&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-7&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-8&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-9&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-10&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-11&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-12&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-13&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-14&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-15&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-16&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-17&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-18&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-19&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-20&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-21&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-22&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-23&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-24&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-25&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-26&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-27&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-28&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;이 있고,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-3-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-29&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-30&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-31&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-32&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-33&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-34&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-35&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;D&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;의 확률밀도함수나 확률질량함수가&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-4-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-36&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-37&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-38&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;이고, 그 확률변수들에서 각각 값&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-5-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-39&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-40&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-41&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-42&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-43&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-44&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-45&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-46&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-47&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-48&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-49&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-50&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-51&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-52&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-53&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;을 얻었을 경우의 가능도&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-6-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-54&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-55&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-56&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-57&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-58&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-59&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-60&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-61&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;는 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-7-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-62&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-63&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-64&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-65&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-66&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-67&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-68&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-69&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-70&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-71&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-72&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-73&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-74&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-75&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-76&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-77&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-78&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-79&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-80&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-81&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-82&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-83&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-84&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-85&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-86&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-87&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-88&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-89&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-90&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 167.578px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;여기서 가능도를 최대로 만드는&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-8-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-91&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-92&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-93&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-94&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-95&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;는 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-9-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x005E;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-96&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-97&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-98&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-99&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-100&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; height: 0.213em; padding-bottom: 0.06em; padding-left: 0.068em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-104&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-101&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-102&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-103&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-105&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-106&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-107&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-108&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.003em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-109&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-110&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-111&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-112&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-113&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-114&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-115&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-116&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-117&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-118&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-119&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-120&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-121&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 121.094px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;^&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;이 때&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-10-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-122&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-123&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-124&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-125&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-126&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-127&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-128&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-129&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-130&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-131&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-132&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-133&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-134&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-135&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-136&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;이 모두 독립적이고 같은 확률분포를 가지고 있다면&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-11-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-137&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-138&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-139&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;은 다음과 같이 표현이 가능하다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-12-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x220F;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-140&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-141&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-142&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-143&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-144&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-145&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-146&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-147&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-148&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-149&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-150&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-itable&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-table; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-row&quot; style=&quot;display: table-row; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-cell&quot; style=&quot;display: table-cell; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-bottom: 0.247em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.604em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-157&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-151&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.698em; padding-bottom: 0.698em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∏&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-row&quot; style=&quot;display: table-row; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-under&quot; style=&quot;display: table-cell; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-top: 0.236em; padding-bottom: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.092em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-152&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-153&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-154&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-155&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-156&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-158&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-159&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-160&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-161&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-162&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-163&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-164&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-165&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-166&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-167&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-168&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 120.422px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∏&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;또한, 로그함수는 단조 증가하므로,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-13-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-169&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-170&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-171&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;L&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;에 로그를 씌운 값의 최대값은 원래 값&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-14-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x005E;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-172&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-173&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-174&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-175&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-176&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; height: 0.213em; padding-bottom: 0.06em; padding-left: 0.068em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-180&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;^&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-177&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-178&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-179&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;^&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;와 같고, 이 경우 계산이 비교적 간단해진다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-15-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C6;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-181&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-182&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-183&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-184&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.584em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-185&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-186&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-187&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-188&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-189&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-190&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-191&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-192&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-193&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-194&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-195&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-196&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-197&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-198&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-199&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-200&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-201&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-202&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-203&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-204&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-205&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-206&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-207&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-208&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-209&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-210&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-itable&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-table; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-row&quot; style=&quot;display: table-row; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-cell&quot; style=&quot;display: table-cell; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-bottom: 0.247em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.721em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-217&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-211&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.698em; padding-bottom: 0.698em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-row&quot; style=&quot;display: table-row; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-under&quot; style=&quot;display: table-cell; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-top: 0.236em; padding-bottom: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.21em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-212&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-213&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-214&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-215&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-216&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-218&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-219&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-220&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-221&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-222&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-223&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-224&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-225&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-226&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-227&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-228&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-229&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-230&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 255.719px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋆&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-16-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x220F;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-231&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-232&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-233&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-234&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-235&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-236&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-237&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-238&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-239&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-240&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-241&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-242&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R, MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∏&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: -0.31em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-bottom: 0.422em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-248&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-243&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-244&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-245&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-246&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-247&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-249&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-250&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-251&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-252&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-253&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-254&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-255&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-256&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-257&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-258&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-259&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∏&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-17-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C5;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C5;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C5;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-260&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-261&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-262&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-263&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-264&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-265&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-266&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-267&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-268&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-269&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-270&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-271&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-272&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-273&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.003em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-274&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-275&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-276&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-277&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-278&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-279&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-280&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-281&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-282&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-283&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-284&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.003em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-285&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-286&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-287&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-288&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-289&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-290&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-291&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-292&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-293&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-294&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-295&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.003em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋅&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-296&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋅&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋅&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋅&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-18-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x220F;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-297&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-298&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-299&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-300&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-301&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-302&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-303&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-304&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-305&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-306&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-307&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-308&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-309&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-310&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-311&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-312&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-313&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-314&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-315&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-316&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-317&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-318&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R, MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∏&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: -0.31em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-bottom: 0.422em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-324&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-319&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-320&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-321&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-322&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-323&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-325&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-326&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-327&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-328&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-329&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-330&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-331&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-332&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-333&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-334&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-335&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-336&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∏&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-19-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x3B8;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2026;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-337&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-338&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-339&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-340&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-341&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-342&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.003em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-343&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-344&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-345&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-346&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-347&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-348&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-349&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-350&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-351&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-352&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-353&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-354&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-355&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-356&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.003em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-357&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-358&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-359&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-360&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-361&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-362&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-363&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-364&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-365&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-366&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-367&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-368&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-369&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-370&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.003em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-371&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-372&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.23em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-373&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-374&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-375&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;θ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-376&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-377&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-378&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-379&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-380&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-381&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-382&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;…&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;θ&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 id=&quot;id-최대우도법(MaximumLikelihood)-예시(모비율추정)&quot; style=&quot;margin: 30px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(23, 43, 77); font-size: 23px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; letter-spacing: -0.01em; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); word-spacing: -1px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;예시 (모비율 추정)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;대한민국의 모든 인구 중 한명을 표본으로 추출하는데 추출된 사람이 남자인지 여자인지를 알려고 한다고 하면, 이 때 표본 랜덤변수가 갖는 확률분포는 베르누이 분포를 따를 것이다. 베르누이 분포는 다음과 같다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;1회 시행 시 두 가지 결과에 의해 그 값이 각각 0 또는 1로 결정되는 확률변수&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-20-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-383&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-384&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-385&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;에 대해서&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-21-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-386&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-387&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-388&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-389&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-390&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-391&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-392&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-393&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-394&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-395&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.584em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-396&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-397&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-398&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-399&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-400&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-401&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-402&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-403&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-404&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.71em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-405&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-406&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-407&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-408&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-409&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-410&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-411&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-412&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-413&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 146.766px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;그러면 총&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-22-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-414&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-415&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-416&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;명에 대해 추출했을 때의 우도(likelihood)는 다음과 같이 정해진다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-23-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22EF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;|&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x220F;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22EF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-417&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-418&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-419&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-420&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-421&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-422&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-423&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-424&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-425&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-426&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-427&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-428&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-429&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-430&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; 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class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-467&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-468&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.584em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-469&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-470&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-471&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-472&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: -0.21em; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-473&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-474&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-475&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-476&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-477&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-478&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-479&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-480&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-481&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.71em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-482&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-483&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-484&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-485&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-486&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-487&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: -0.21em; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-488&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-489&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-490&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.003em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-491&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-492&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-493&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 459.172px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;|&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∏&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;즉, 위 식은 다음과 같이 설명할 수 있다. 가령 10명의 사람을 추출했는데 1번부터 10번 사람까지의 성별이 각각 {남, 여, 남, 남, 여, 여, 남, 남, 여, 남} 이라고 해보자.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;남자라면&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-24-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-494&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-495&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-496&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-497&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-498&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-499&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-500&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;이라고 하고 여자라면&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-25-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-501&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-502&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-503&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-504&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-505&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-506&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-507&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;이라고 결정한다고 했을 때, 현 상태에서&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-26-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22EF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-508&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-509&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-510&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-511&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-512&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-513&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-514&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-515&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-516&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-517&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-518&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-519&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-520&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.003em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-521&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-522&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-523&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;은&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;{0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0} 이라고 할 수 있다. 그러면 식&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-27-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-524&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-525&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-526&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-527&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-528&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;는 다음과 같을 것이다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-28-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22EF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;|&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x220F;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-529&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-530&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-531&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-532&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-533&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-534&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-535&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-536&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-537&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-538&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-539&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-540&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-541&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-542&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-543&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-544&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-545&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-546&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-547&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-548&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-549&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.003em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-550&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.186em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-551&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-552&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-right: -0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-553&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-554&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-555&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-556&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-557&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-558&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-559&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-560&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-561&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;|&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-562&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-563&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-564&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-565&quot; 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style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: -0.21em; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-582&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-583&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-584&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-585&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-586&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-587&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-588&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-589&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-590&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.71em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-591&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-592&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-593&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-594&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-595&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-596&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: -0.21em; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-597&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 393.781px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;|&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∏&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;하지만 여전히&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-29-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-598&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-599&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-600&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;(표본이 여성일 확률)를 알 수 없기 때문에 확률&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-30-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-601&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-602&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-603&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;를 최대화 할 수 있는 모수&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-31-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-604&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-605&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-606&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;를 찾도록 최대우도법을 시행한다.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;식&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-32-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-607&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-608&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-609&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-610&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;a&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-611&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;에서 함수&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-33-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-612&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-613&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-614&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.06em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;를&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-34-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-615&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-616&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-617&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;에 대해 편미분 하려면 쉽지 않다. 여기서 로그 함수의 단조증가 성질을 활용하여&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-35-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C6;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-618&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-619&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-620&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-621&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.513em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-622&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-623&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-624&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-625&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-626&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; padding-right: 0.003em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-627&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-628&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-629&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋆&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;l&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;g&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;라는 보조 방정식을 도입하도록 한다. 그러면&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-36-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C6;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-630&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-631&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-632&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-633&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.513em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-634&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋆&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;은 다음과 같다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-chtml MJXc-display&quot; style=&quot;display: block; line-height: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-37-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot; display=&amp;quot;block&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C6;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;amp;#xA0;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2061;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-635&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-636&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-637&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-638&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.584em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-639&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-640&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-641&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-642&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-643&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-644&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-645&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-646&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-647&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-648&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-649&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mtext MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; margin-top: -0.313em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-650&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-itable&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-table; width: auto; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-row&quot; style=&quot;display: table-row; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-cell&quot; style=&quot;display: table-cell; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-bottom: 0.247em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.721em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-657&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-651&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.698em; padding-bottom: 0.698em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-row&quot; style=&quot;display: table-row; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-under&quot; style=&quot;display: table-cell; font-size: 11.1847px; padding-top: 0.236em; padding-bottom: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.21em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-652&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-653&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-654&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-655&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-656&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-658&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-659&quot; 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style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-707&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-708&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-709&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; 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style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-713&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-714&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-715&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-716&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-717&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-718&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: -0.212em; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-719&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-720&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-721&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;log&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-722&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-723&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-724&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-725&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-726&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-727&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-728&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-729&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-730&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 541.813px; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋆&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;+&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;log&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⁡&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-38-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C6;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-731&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-732&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-733&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-734&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.1847px; vertical-align: 0.513em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-735&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋆&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;의&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-39-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-736&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-737&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-738&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;에 대한 편미분이 0이 되는&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-40-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-739&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-740&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-741&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;를 찾으면 최대우도를 만족하는 모수&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-41-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-742&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-743&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-744&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;를 추정할 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-42-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&amp;quot;1.44em&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x22C6;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2211;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-745&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-746&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-747&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mstyle&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-748&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 22.7808px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-749&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-750&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-751&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-752&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 16.106px; vertical-align: 0.513em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.071em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-753&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;⋆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-754&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-755&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mfrac MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-box MJXc-stacked&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 2.456em; padding: 0px 0.12em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-numerator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 3.474em; top: -1.776em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-756&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-757&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-758&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R, MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: -0.311em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; padding-bottom: 0.405em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-764&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-759&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-760&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-761&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-762&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-763&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-765&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-766&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.5158px; vertical-align: -0.21em; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-767&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-denominator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 3.474em; bottom: -0.707em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-768&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-line&quot; style=&quot;display: block; position: absolute; height: 0px; border-bottom: 1.8px solid; top: -0.29em; width: 2.456em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-vsize&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.755em; vertical-align: -0.5em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-769&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-770&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mfrac MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-box MJXc-stacked&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 3.792em; padding: 0px 0.12em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-numerator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 5.363em; top: -1.776em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-771&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-772&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-773&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size1-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size1-R, MJXc-TeX-size1-Rw; padding-top: 0.509em; padding-bottom: 0.509em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;∑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: -0.311em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sup&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; padding-bottom: 0.405em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-779&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-774&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-775&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-776&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-777&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-778&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-780&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-781&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-782&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-783&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-784&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-785&quot; class=&quot;mjx-msubsup&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-base&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-786&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;x&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-sub&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 11.5158px; vertical-align: -0.21em; padding-right: 0.07em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-787&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-788&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-denominator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 5.363em; bottom: -0.809em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-789&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-790&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-791&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-792&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-line&quot; style=&quot;display: block; position: absolute; height: 0px; border-bottom: 1.8px solid; top: -0.29em; width: 3.792em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-vsize&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.828em; vertical-align: -0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&quot;1.44em&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋆&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;munderover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∑&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/munderover&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;x&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-43-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&amp;quot;1.44em&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x00AF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;&amp;amp;#x2212;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x00AF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-793&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-794&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-795&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mstyle&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-796&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 22.7808px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-797&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-798&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-799&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-800&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mfrac MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-box MJXc-stacked&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.197em; padding: 0px 0.12em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-numerator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 1.693em; top: -1.719em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-801&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-802&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-803&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.28em; padding-top: 0.14em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-805&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.066em 0px -0.205em; letter-spacing: -0.31em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-804&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-denominator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 1.693em; bottom: -0.707em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-806&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-line&quot; style=&quot;display: block; position: absolute; height: 0px; border-bottom: 1.8px solid; top: -0.29em; width: 1.197em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-vsize&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.715em; vertical-align: -0.5em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-807&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-808&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mfrac MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-box MJXc-stacked&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 2.945em; padding: 0px 0.12em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-numerator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 4.165em; top: -2.456em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-809&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-810&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-811&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-812&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.951em; padding-bottom: 0.951em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-813&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-814&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-815&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-816&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.28em; padding-top: 0.14em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-818&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.066em 0px -0.205em; letter-spacing: -0.31em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-817&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-819&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.951em; padding-bottom: 0.951em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-denominator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 4.165em; bottom: -0.707em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-820&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-line&quot; style=&quot;display: block; position: absolute; height: 0px; border-bottom: 1.8px solid; top: -0.29em; width: 2.945em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-vsize&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.236em; vertical-align: -0.5em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-821&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-822&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.382em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&quot;1.44em&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mfrac&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mfrac&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; 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role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-823&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-824&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-825&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mstyle&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-826&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 22.7808px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-827&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-828&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-829&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-830&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mfrac MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-box MJXc-stacked&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.197em; padding: 0px 0.12em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-numerator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 1.693em; top: -1.719em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-831&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-832&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-833&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.28em; padding-top: 0.14em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-835&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.066em 0px -0.205em; letter-spacing: -0.31em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-834&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-denominator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 1.693em; bottom: -0.707em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-836&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-line&quot; style=&quot;display: block; position: absolute; height: 0px; border-bottom: 1.8px solid; top: -0.29em; width: 1.197em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-vsize&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 1.715em; vertical-align: -0.5em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-837&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-838&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mfrac MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-box MJXc-stacked&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 2.945em; padding: 0px 0.12em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-numerator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 4.165em; top: -2.456em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-839&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-840&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-841&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-842&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.951em; padding-bottom: 0.951em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-843&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-844&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-845&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-846&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.5158px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.28em; padding-top: 0.14em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-848&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.066em 0px -0.205em; letter-spacing: -0.31em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-847&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-849&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.951em; padding-bottom: 0.951em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-denominator&quot; style=&quot;display: block; text-align: center; box-sizing: content-box !important; position: absolute; font-size: 16.106px; width: 4.165em; bottom: -0.707em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-850&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; text-align: left; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-line&quot; style=&quot;display: block; position: absolute; height: 0px; border-bottom: 1.8px solid; top: -0.29em; width: 2.945em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-vsize&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 2.236em; vertical-align: -0.5em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; 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class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-856&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-857&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-858&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-859&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-860&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-861&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-862&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-863&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-864&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.572em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-865&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space1&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.167em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 16.106px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.283em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-867&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; 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class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-size2-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-size2-R, MJXc-TeX-size2-Rw; padding-top: 0.951em; padding-bottom: 0.951em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-871&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-872&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mn&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.382em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-873&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; 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class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-890&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-891&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; 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box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-896&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.319em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;−&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-897&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space2&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.222em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 16.106px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.283em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-899&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.063em 0px -0.202em; letter-spacing: -0.306em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-898&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-900&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&quot;1.44em&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-47-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&amp;quot;1.44em&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&amp;quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x00AF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-901&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-902&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-903&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mstyle&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-904&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; font-size: 22.7808px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-905&quot; class=&quot;mjx-texatom&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-906&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-907&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-908&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-909&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-910&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 16.106px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.283em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-912&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.063em 0px -0.202em; letter-spacing: -0.306em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-911&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mstyle mathsize=&quot;1.44em&quot;&gt;&lt;mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mstyle&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;따라서,&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-48-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&amp;quot;false&amp;quot;&gt;&amp;amp;#x00AF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-913&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-914&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-915&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-916&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.066em; padding-bottom: 0.319em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-917&quot; class=&quot;mjx-munderover MJXc-space3&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.278em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-stack&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-over&quot; style=&quot;display: block; font-size: 11.1847px; height: 0.096em; padding-bottom: 0.283em; padding-top: 0.141em; padding-left: 0.057em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-919&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mo&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; box-sizing: content-box !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-delim-h&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px -0.07em 0px -0.069em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin: 0px 0.063em 0px -0.202em; letter-spacing: -0.306em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯¯¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-main-R&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-main-R, MJXc-TeX-main-Rw; padding-top: 0.301em; padding-bottom: 0.833em; margin-right: -0.07em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-op&quot; style=&quot;display: block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-918&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.446em; padding-bottom: 0.256em; padding-right: 0.024em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;X&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;X&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo accent=&quot;false&quot;&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;로 모수&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span id=&quot;MathJax-Element-49-Frame&quot; class=&quot;mjx-chtml MathJax_CHTML&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; data-mathml=&quot;&lt;math xmlns=&amp;quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&amp;quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 0; font-size: 15.82px; overflow-wrap: normal; word-spacing: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; max-height: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 1px 0px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-920&quot; class=&quot;mjx-math&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-921&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mrow&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;MJXc-Node-922&quot; class=&quot;mjx-mi&quot; style=&quot;display: inline-block; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mjx-char MJXc-TeX-math-I&quot; style=&quot;display: block; white-space: pre; font-family: MJXc-TeX-math-I, MJXc-TeX-math-Ix, MJXc-TeX-math-Iw; padding-top: 0.193em; padding-bottom: 0.446em; box-sizing: content-box !important;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MJX_Assistive_MathML&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;top: 0px; left: 0px; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); user-select: none; position: absolute !important; padding: 1px 0px 0px !important; border: 0px !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important; overflow: hidden !important; display: block !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;를 추정하는 것이 적절하다는 것을 알 수 있다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 3px; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, &amp;quot;Fira Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Droid Sans&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;생각해보면 자연스러운 것이 모비율 추정 시 현재 모여있는 사람의 성비를 가지고 모비율을 추정할 수 밖에 없고, 아마 그런 모비율이 있었기 때문에 현재 상태가 만들어 진 것은 아닐까? 라고 추정하는 것은 자연스럽다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
      <category>머신러닝</category>
      <author>적외선</author>
      <guid isPermaLink="true">https://unabated.tistory.com/1097</guid>
      <comments>https://unabated.tistory.com/entry/%EC%B5%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9A%B0%EB%8F%84%EB%B2%95Maximum-Likelihood#entry1097comment</comments>
      <pubDate>Wed, 6 Mar 2019 14:56:16 +0900</pubDate>
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